IC card production process is divided into: IC card from design to distribution, can be divided into the following steps: according to the function of the application system of card and the requirements of the safety design card chip (or considering design general chips), and according to the technological level and the cost of the smart card MPU, storage capacity and cosine put forward specific requirements, or logic functions of logic encryption card distribution and storage area put forward specific requirements.
Card integrated circuit design.
Its design process is similar to the design of the ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit), including the logical design, logic simulation, circuit design, circuit simulation, layout design and correctness verification, etc., can with the aid of Workview, Mentor or Cadence and so on computer aided design tools to complete.
For smart CARDS, it is often used in foreign countries to use the industrial standard microprocessor as the core, to adjust the type and capacity of the storage, without having to redesign. The more feasible approach is to design the cocos at home, which are produced by foreign semiconductor manufacturers, which should be self-protective for the sake of reliability.
Software design (smart card only)
Including the design of COS and application software, the corresponding development tools are available. Because the security of the smart card is related to the COS, the smart CARDS used in the country's important economic and secret sectors should be included in the Chinese self-designed cosine. The circuit is fabricated on a single crystal silicon wafer.
The designer submits the designed layout or cosine code to the chip manufacturer. According to the requirements of design and process, the manufacturer produces a multilayer mask. Hundreds to thousands of independent circuits can be made on a wafer, each of which is a small chip. In addition to the pressure welding block designed according to the IC card standard (8 contacts), there should also be a probe block for testing, but it is important to note whether these blocks will give the attacker an opportunity.
Test and write information in an E2PROM.
Test each chip on a wafer with a computer controlled probe with a test program. Mark the defective chip and write the manufacturer's code name in the tested chip. If the user needs the factory to write the content in the E2PROM, it can also be done at this time.
The transport code can also be written at this time. The transport code is a defensive measure taken to prevent the card from being stolen from the manufacturer to the distributor. It is a password known only to the manufacturer and the distributor. When the card is received by the publisher, check the shipping code first. If the check is incorrect, the card will be self-locked and the fuse will be burned. Check the shipping code first. Such as logic encryption card, shipping yards may MiMa District by manufacturing factory to users, distributors changed after checking the right into the user password for smart card, can be written to the password, key at this time, to set up the file, and so on.
After operation, the fuse will be blown off. Since then, the card has entered the user mode and will never be able to return to the previous work mode, which is also to guarantee the security of the card. Electric erasing type Programmable read-only Memory (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) is the core of IC card technology. The technology increases the density of transistors, improves performance, increases capacity, and stores larger volumes of data in the same area. As a storage space for data or programs, EEPROM data can be kept for at least 10 years and more than 100,000 times. EEPROM technology also provides a lot of flexibility, by setting the immutable flag bit, block to EEPROM unit into a programmable read-only memory, read-only memory, or unreadable security storage unit.
The advanced nature of the technology enables IC CARDS with secret memory to be developed and applied rapidly. For example, a wide range of applications have been made in various charging systems (public telephone, electricity meter, road toll, etc.) and access control. CPU CARDS with EEPROM are also widely used in mobile phones, banking departments, multi-application CARDS and high security applications requiring public key algorithms. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology is a recognition method for signal transmission using electromagnetic waves. The object identified should have the receiving and sending device of electromagnetic wave. The communication frequency range used by the RFID system is <135kHz or >300MHz ~ GHz class.
Radio frequency identification IC card is an IC card that USES electromagnetic waves and non-contact points to communicate with terminals. When using this card, you do not need to insert the card into a specific reader slot. Generally speaking, the communication distance is within a few centimeters to one meter. Rfid CARDS are used more and have great potential for development.
Radio frequency identification IC CARDS are active and passive. The active card refers to the card that needs to be close to the card reader, and the user needs to read the card on the card reader to complete the transaction. The passive card does not need to show the card, as long as it passes the scope of the card reader, it can read the information on the card and complete the transaction. The CPU card in IC card adopts special encryption technology, which can not only verify the correctness of information, but also check the legitimacy of the identity of both parties, so as to ensure the security of information transmission. This is done by IC card stored in the bank key and card reader and stored in the black box of the mutual check bank key, thus ensuring the cardholder itself and the card reader has the legal status of both parties. In short, with the advanced encryption technology, not only has high security, strict, but also has the advantage of flexibility and convenience, low cost.
In addition to the above technologies, there are also soft and hardware new technologies such as Java card technology, IC card ISO standardization technology, IC card biometric authentication technology and data compression technology. The IC card reader should be able to read and write IC CARDS conforming to the ISO7816 standard. As IC card and IC card interface circuit IFD within the CPU the only channel for communication, in order to ensure the safety and reliability of communication and data exchange, its produce electrical signals must meet strict timing requirements.
Timing requirements
IC card interface circuit for IC card insertion and exit identification, namely card activation and release, there are very strict timing requirements. If the corresponding requirements cannot be met, the IC card cannot operate normally. Will damage IC card or IC card reader when serious.
(1) activation process
To start the operation of the card, the interface circuit should be activated in the order shown in figure 1:
It is in L state;
According to the type of the card selected, the VCC plus the type A or class B,
The rise of the VPP to idle state;
The I/O of the interface circuit should be placed in the receiving state;
It provides clock signal to CLK of IC card (class A card 1 ~ 5MHz, class B card 1 ~ 4MHz).
At t 'a time the CLK and clock signal of IC card. The I/O circuit should be placed in a high resistance Z (ta) within the 200 clock cycles (ta) of the CLK. After the clock is added to CLK, keep the RST at least 400 cycles (TB) for the state L to be reset (TB is after t 'a). At time t 'b, RST is placed in state H. I/O should be allowed to start (tc) within 400~40, 000 clock cycles (tc) after the signal rise along the RST.
In the case of RST in state H, if the response signal is not started within 40, 000 clock cycles, the signal on the RST will return to the state L, and the IC card interface circuit will release the IC card.
(2) release process
When the information exchange is over or fails (for example, no card response or card is removed), the interface circuit should release the circuit as shown in figure 2:
The RST should be set as state L;
The CLK should be set to state L (unless the clock has stopped on state L);
The VPP should be released (if it has been activated);
I/O should be set as state A (no specific definition in td time);
The VCC should be released.
The power supply voltage
IC card interface circuit should be able to provide stable current to IC card within the voltage range specified in table 1.
The clock signal
IC card interface circuit provides clock signal to card. The actual frequency range of the clock signal should be in the following range: A class card, and the clock should be 1 ~ 5MHz. Class B card, the clock should be 1 ~ 4MHz.
After the reset, the F (clock frequency conversion factor) and D (bit rate adjustment factor) in the received ATR (reset response) signal are determined.
The working period of the clock signal should be 40% ~ 60% of the period during stable operation. When the frequency is converted from one value to another, it should be noted that there is no pulse shorter than 40 percent of the short period.
Driver module
(1) determination of data structure.
Edit header file icdata.h to determine the common data structure used in the driver module program. The final purpose of the driver module is to read and write the card data processing, so the normalized data structure is required. A data structure can be defined to realize the storage area, data address index and control mark bit of the card data, as shown in the right image:
So in the driver module, you just need the STruct ICDATA iccdata; A statement can define the entire card processing data structure definition; Ic_fops defines the structure of the device operation mapping function. From this data structure, we realized the opening, reading, writing and monitoring functions of IC card devices.
(2) control subfunction of hardware interface control line.
One of the hardware control interface operating functions of the developed hardware system platform is used to control the reset signal of IC card. For different hardware platforms, the internal operation methods of functions are different. As other operating functions and modules: initialization function is indispensable in the development process of function module and is used to implement initialization and device initialization, interrupt processing, equipment registration, etc. In the above function, the initialization of the card data is realized by using Initicdata, and then the queue data is defined. The binding, interrupt application, and interrupt initialization of the interrupt handler are performed. Finally, the application of IC card character equipment is realized, and the equipment is called IC.